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In Russia the wage gap exists (after 1991, but also before) and statistical analysis shows that most of it cannot be explained by lower qualifications of women compared to men. On the other hand, occupational segregation by gender and labor market discrimination seem to account for a large share of it.〔Ogloblin, C. G. (1999) "The Gender Earnings Differential in the Russian Transition Economy. ''Industrial and Labor Relations'' 52(4): 602-634.〕〔Katz, K. (2001) ''Gender, Work and Wages in the Soviet Union. A Legacy of Discrimination''. Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-73414-8.〕〔Gerry, C. J., Kim, B. and C. A. Li (2004) "The gender wage gap and wage arrears in Russia Evidence from RLMS". Journal of Population Economics 17:267-288. (p. 268).〕〔Kazakova, E. "Wages in a Growing Russia. When is a 10 percent rise in the gender wage gap good news?". ''Economics of Transition'', Vol. 15 (2):365-592.〕 Eurostat defines the (unadjusted) gender pay gap (or wage gap) as the difference between average gross hourly earnings of male paid employees and of female paid employees as a percentage of average gross hourly earnings of male paid employees.〔Retrieved on November 23, 2012.〕 In other words, it is the difference between 1 and the gender pay ratio (gender pay ratio = (women's average earnings/men's average earnings) *100%). It serves to some extent as an indicator of gender inequality level within a country, but even more so for the unequal opportunities faced by women and men in the labor market. Also the indicator reflects the incompatible requirements of career and family as well as the poverty risk of single parent households, both problems which mostly women face.〔Retrieved on November 23, 2012.〕 The October Revolution (1917) and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 have shaped the developments in the gender wage gap. These two main turning points in the Russian history frame the analysis of Russia’s gender pay gap found in the economic literature. Consequently, the pay gap study can be examined for two periods: the wage gap in Soviet Russia (1917-1991), and the wage gap in the transition and post-transition (after 1991). ==Soviet Russia== Under communism women’s participation in the labor market was encouraged. The rapid industrialization and egalitarian ideology pressed for women to leave their homes and join the ranks of the working class. In 1936, Article 122 of the new Soviet Constitution decreed equal rights for women and their equal standing with men in all spheres of economic, political, social and cultural life. Women also enjoyed various benefits, including fully paid maternity leaves, free childcare provided by enterprise or state owned kindergartens, as well as legal protection from overly physical and dangerous work.〔Newell, A., and B. Reilly, (2000) "The Gender Pay Gap in the Transition from Communism: Some Empirical Evidence" William Davidson Institute. Working paper Number 305.〕 Some researchers〔Ogloblin, C. G. (1999) "The Gender Earnings Differential in the Russian Transition Economy. ''Industrial and Labor Relations'' 52(4): 602-634.〕〔McAuley, A. (1981) ''Women's Work and Wages in the Soviet Union''. George Allen & Unwin. London. ISBN 0-04-339020-X.〕 conclude that it was partly due to these type of laws that gender differences in earnings never ceased to exist in Russia and in the whole Soviet Union. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gender pay gap in Russia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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